Introduction
During the last two
decades in particular, the concept of "Islamic terror" has been often
discussed. In the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks on targets in New
York and Washington which caused the death of tens of thousands of innocent
civilians, this concept has once again returned to the top of the international
agenda.
As Muslims, we
completely condemn these attacks and offer our condolences to the American
people.
In this article, we
will explain that Islam is by no means the source of this violence and that
violence has no place in Islam.
We strongly condemn the cruel terrorist
acts which targeted the innocent people of the United States.
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One point that
should be stressed at the outset is that the identities of the perpetrators of
the acts of terrorism which targeted the United States are not yet determined.
There is a chance that these horrible attackers are linked to quite different
centres. It may well be a communist organization harboring rage and hatred
against American values, a fascist organization opposing federal administration
or a secret faction in another state. Even though the hijackers have Muslim
identities, the questions regarding by whom and for what purposes these people
were used will probably remain to be a mystery.
The fact remains
however, that even if the terrorists have Muslim identities, the terror they
perpetrated cannot be labelled "Islamic terror", just as it would not
be called "Jewish terror" if the perpetrators were Jews or
"Christian terror" if they were Christians.
That is because, as
we will examine in the following pages,murdering innocent people in the name
of religion is unacceptable. We need to keep in mind that, among those who
were killed in Washington or New York, there were people who loved Jesus
(Christians), Prophet Moses (Jews) and Muslims. According to Islam, murdering
innocent people is a great sin that, unless forgiven by God, brings torment in Hell.
Thus, a religious
person who has fear of God can never commit such an act.
In fact, the aggressors can commit such violence only
with the intention of attacking religion itself. It may well be that they carried out this violence to present
religion as evil in the eyes of people, to divorce people from religion and to
generate hatred and reaction against pious people. Consequently, every attack
having a "religious" facade on American citizens or other innocent
people is actually an attack made against religion.
All the three
Theistic religions command love, mercy and peace. Terror, on the other hand, is
the opposite of religion; it is cruel, merciless and it demands bloodshed and
misery. This being the case, while looking for the perpetrators of a terrorist
act, its origins should be sought in disbelief rather than in religion. People
with a fascist, communist, racist or materialist outlook on life should be
suspected as potential perpetrators. The name or the identity of the triggerman
is not important. If he can kill innocent people without blinking an eye,
whatever his label is, then he is a disbeliever, not a believer. He is a
murderer with no fear of God, whose main ambition is to shed blood and to give
harm.
For this reason,
"Islamic terror" is quite a erroneous concept which contradicts
Islam's message. That is because, the religion of Islam can by no means concur
with terror. On the contrary, Muslims are responsible for preventing terrorist
acts and bringing peace and justice to the world.
The Values of the Qur'an demands Goodness, Justice and
Peace
Terror, in its
broadest sense, is violence committed against non-military targets for
political purposes. To put it in another way, the targets of terror are
entirely innocent civilians whose only crime is, in the eyes of terrorists, to
represent "the other".
This is an act
bereft of any moral justification. This, as in the case of murders committed by
Hitler or Stalin, is a crime committed against "mankind".
The Qur'an is a Book
revealed to people as a guide to the true path and in this Book, God commands
man to adopt good morals. This morality is based upon concepts such as love,
compassion, tolerance and mercy. God calls all people to Islamic morals through
which compassion, mercy, peace and tolerance can be experienced all over the
world:
You who believe! Enter absolutely into peace (Islam). Do
not follow in the footsteps of Satan. He is an outright enemy to you. (Surat
al-Baqara :208)
The values of the
Qur'an hold a Muslim responsible for treating all people, whether Muslim or
non-Muslim, kindly and justly, protecting the needy and the innocent and
preventing the "dissemination of mischief". Mischief comprises all
forms of anarchy and terror that remove security, comfort and peace. As God
says in a verse, "God does not love mischief makers". (Surat
al-Qasas: 77)
Murdering a person
for no reason is one of the most obvious examples of mischief. God repeats in
the Qur'an a command He formerly revealed to Jews in the Old Testament thus:
So We decreed for the tribe of Israel that if someone
kills another person - unless it is in retaliation for someone else or for
causing corruption in the earth - it is as if he had murdered all mankind. And
if anyone gives life to another person, it is as if he had given life to all
mankind. Our Messengers came to them with Clear Signs but even after that many
of them committed outrages in the earth. (Surat al-Ma'ida: 32)
As the verse
suggests, a person who kills even a single man, "unless it is in
retaliation for someone else or for causing corruption in the earth",
commits a crime as if he had murdered all mankind on earth.
This being the case,
it is obvious what great sins are the murders, massacres and, attacks,
popularly known as "suicide attacks", committed by terrorists are.
God informs us how this cruel face of terrorism will be punished in the
hereafter in the following verse:
There are only grounds against those who wrong people and
act as tyrants in the earth without any right to do so. Such people will have a
painful punishment. (Surat ash-Shura: 42)
All these reveal
that organizing acts of terror against innocent people is utterly against Islam
and it is unlikely that any Muslim could ever commit such crime. On the
contrary, Muslims are responsible for stopping these people, removing
"mischief on earth" and bringing peace and security to all people all
over the world. Being a Muslim cannot be reconciled with terror. Just the
contrary, it is the solution and prevention of terror.
This being the case,
how did the popular term "Islamic terror" emerge?
What has been
examined so far reveals that it is not possible to talk about an
"Islamic" terror. Indeed, a closer look at the characteristics of the
perpetrators explicitly reveals that this terror is not a religious but a
social phenomenon.
The Bedouin Character in the Qur'an
In the period of our
Prophet, there existed two basic social structures in Arabia. City-dwellers and
Bedouins (Desert Arabs). A sophisticated culture prevailed in Arab towns.
Commercial relations linked the towns to the outer world, which contributed to
the formation of "civilized life" among Arabs dwelling in cities.
They had refined aesthetic values, enjoyed literature and, especially poetry.
Desert Arabs, on the other hand, were the nomad tribes living in the desert who
had a very crude culture. Utterly unaware of arts and literature, they
developed an unrefined, harsh character.
Islam was born and
developed among the inhabitants of Mecca, the most important city of the
peninsula. However, as Islam spread to the peninsula, all tribes in Arabia
embraced it. Among these tribes were also Desert Arabs, who were somehow
problematic: their poor intellectual and cultural background prevented them
from grasping the profundity and noble spirit of Islam. Of this God states the
following in a verse:
The Desert Arabs are more obdurate in disbelief and
hypocrisy and more likely not to know the limits which God has sent down to His
Messenger. God is All-Knowing, All-Wise. (Surat at-Tawba: 97)
The Desert Arabs,
that is, social groups who were "obdurate in disbelief and hypocrisy"
and prone to disobey God's commands, became a part of the Islamic world in the
Prophet's lifetime. In latter periods, they became a source of trouble for the
Islamic world. The sect called "Kharijis" that emerged among Bedouins
was an example. The most distinctive trait of this perverse sect (which was
called "Kharijis" the rebels because they greatly deviated from Sunni
practises), was their extremely vulgar, wild and fanatical nature. The
"Kharijis", who had no comprehension whatsoever of the essence of
Islam or of the virtues and the values of the Qur'an, waged war against all
other Muslims and based this war on a few Qur'anic verses about which they made
distorted interpretations. Furthermore, they carried out "acts of terrorism".
Caliph Ali, who was one of the closest companions of the Prophet and was
described by him as the "gate of the city of knowledge", was
assassinated by a Kharijite.
In latter periods,
"Hashashis" (Assassins), another brutal organization, emerged; this
was a "terrorist organization" made up of ignorant and fanatical
militants bereft of a profound understanding of the essence of Islam and thus
who could be readily influenced by simple slogans and promises.
In other
words, just as the Crusaders distorted and misinterpreted Christianity
as a teaching of brutality, some perverted groups emerging in the Islamic world
misinterpreted Islam and resorted to brutality. What is common to these
sects and the Crusaders was their "Bedouin" nature. That is, they
were ignorant, unrefined, uncultivated, vulgar, and isolated people. The
violence they resorted resulted from this social structure, rather than the
religion to which they claimed to adhere.
The Actual Source of Terrorism: The Third World
Fanaticism
These examples from
history are enlightening for a better understanding of the phenomenon, the
so-called "Islamic terror", which is nowadays on the top of the
international agenda. That is because those who emerge and carry out acts of
terrorism in the name of Islam or those who back such acts -these people, no
doubt, represent a minority in the world of Islam- stem from this "Bedouin
character", not from Islam. Failing to understand the essence of Islam,
they try to make Islam, essentially a religion of peace and justice, a tool of
barbarism, which is simply an outcome of their social and cultural structure.
The origin of this barbarism, which may well be called the "Third World
Fanaticism", is the benighted initiatives of people who are devoid of love
for humans.
It is a fact that,
for the last few centuries, Muslims in all corners of the Islamic world, are
being subjected to violence by Western forces and their affiliates. The
colonialist European states, local oppressive regimes or colonialists backed by
the West (Israel, for instance) caused great suffering for Muslims at large.
However, for Muslims, this is a situation that has to be approached and
responded to from a purely Qur'anic stance.
In no part of the
Qur'an does God command believers to "respond to violence with
violence". On the contrary, God commands Muslims to "respond to evil
with goodness":
A good action and a bad action are not the same. Repel
the bad with something better and, if there is enmity between you and someone
else, he will be like a bosom friend. (Surat al-Fussilat: 34)
It is no doubt a
legitimate right of Muslims to react against cruelty. However, these reactions
should never turn into a blind hatred, an unjust enmity. God warns about this
in the following verse: "... Do not let hatred for a people who
debar you from the Masjid al-Haram incite you into going beyond the limits.
Help each other to goodness and heedfulness. Do not help each other to
wrongdoing and enmity. Heed God Allah (alone)..." (Surat al-Ma'ida: 2)
Consequently,
carrying out terrorist acts under the pretence of "representing the
oppressed nations of the world", against the innocent people of other
nations is by no means compatible with Islam.
Another point that
deserves a special mention here is that all the Western world cannot be held
responsible for the aforementioned colonialist (or "neo-colonialist)
violence and oppression against Muslims. Actually, the materialist, irreligious
philosophies and ideologies that prevailed in the 19th century
are responsible for these dismal acts. European colonialism did not originate
from Christianity. On the contrary, anti-religious movements opposing the
values of Christianity led the way to colonialism. At the roots of the greatest
brutalities of the 19thcentury lies the Social Darwinist ideology.
In the Western world
today, there are still cruel, mischievous and opposing elements as well as a
culture dominated by peaceful and just elements that have its roots in
Judeo-Christian faith. As a matter of fact, the main disagreement is not
between the West and Islam. Contrary to the general opinion, it is between the
religious people of the West and of the Muslim world on the one hand, and the
people opposing religion (like materialists and atheists.) on the other.
Another indication
that Third World Fanaticism has nothing to do with Islam is that, until
recently, this fanaticism has been identified with communist ideology. As is
known, similar anti-Western acts of terror were carried out in 1960s and 70s by
Soviet-backed communist organizations. As the impact of the communist ideology
faded, some of the social structures which gave birth to communist
organizations have turned their attention to Islam. This "brutality
presented under the guise of religion", which is formulated by the
incorporation of some Islamic concepts and symbols into the former communist
rhetoric are entirely against the moral values constituting the essence of
Islam.
Anti-Western radicalism once used the communist ideology to support its
violence. Now it is trying to use religious concepts.
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A last remark about
this issue is that Islam is not peculiar to a particular nation or geography.
Contrary to the dominant Western perception, Islam is not an
"Eastern culture". Islam is the last religion revealed to mankind
as a guide to the true path that recommends itself to all humanity. Muslims are
responsible for communicating the true religion they believe in to all people
of all nations and cultures and making them feel closer to Islam.
Consequently, there
is a unique solution for people and groups who, in the name of Islam, resort to
terror or establish oppressive regimes and turn this world into a dreadful
place instead of beautifying it: revealing the true Islam and communicating it
so that the masses can understand and live by it.
Conclusion: Recommendations to the Western World
Today, the Western
world is concerned about the organizations that use terror under the guise of
Islam and this concern is not misplaced. It is obvious that those carrying out
terror and their supporters should be punished according to international
judicial criteria. However, a more important point to consider is the long-term
strategies that have to be pursued for viable solutions to these problems.
The assessments
above reveal that terror has no place in Islam. They further show the
inherently contradictory nature of the concept of "Islamic terror".
This provides us with an important vantage point:
1) The
Western world, especially the United States, will surely take the most
dissuasive measures to cope with terror and it has the right to do that.
However, it has to state explicitly that this is not a war waged
against Islam and Muslims but, on the contrary, a measure serving the best
interests of Islam. The "Clash of civilizations", the
dangerous scenario envisioned in the 90's should be at all costs prevented.
2) Support
should be provided for the spread of "True Islam", which is a
religion of love, friendship, peace and brotherhood, and for its true
understanding by Islamic societies. The solution for radical factions
in Islamic countries should not be "forced secularization". On the
contrary, such a policy will incite more reaction from the masses and feed
radicalism. The solution is the dissemination of true Islam and the appearance
of a Muslim role-model who embraces Qur'anic values such as human rights,
democracy, freedom, good morals, science and aesthetics, and who offers
happiness and bliss to humanity.
3) The
source of terrorism is ignorance and bigotry and the solution is education. To
the circles who feel sympathy with terror, it should be said that terror is
utterly against Islam, that terror only does harm to Islam, Muslims and to
humanity at large. Besides, these people have to be provided with education in
order to be purified of this barbarism. The United States' support to such an
education policy will yield very positive results.
Our hope is that
these measures will help to the world get rid of terrorism and all other
bigoted, brutal, barbarous structures. With its Christian-dominated culture and
population, the United States, which defines itself as "a nation under
God", is in fact a real friend of the Muslims. In the Qur'an, God draws
attention to this fact and informs us that Christians are those who are "most
affectionate to those who believe". (Surat al-Ma'ida: 82)
In history, some
ignorant people (for instance, Crusaders) failed to understand this fact and
caused conflicts between these two great religions. To prevent the repetition
of this scenario, true Christians and Muslims need to come together and
co-operate.